During summer and late fall, cats can become susceptible to a disturbance of their peripheral vestibular system or inner ear. The cause of this disease is currently unknown, although numerous theories have been suggested. This disease can affect all breeds and all ages of cats, although rarely cats less than 1 year of age.
Cats afflicted with this disease have a sudden onset of severe disorientation. They may lose their balance, falling over and rolling around. They may lean against objects. They may cry and become panic stricken when picked up. They prefer to remain in a crouched position, which gives them a stronger sense of stability. These cats usually have a head tilt and nystagmus (an involuntary movement of the eyes back and forth). They do however maintain normal strength and perception of their limbs.
The diagnosis of this disease is made on the basis of the above clinical signs which improve rapidly without specific treatment. Bloodwork and urinalysis are usually normal. Diseases of the middle and inner ear can cause similar clinical signs and may require radiographs and hearing tests to rule them out.
No specific treatment is needed for these cats. They can usually be taken care of by their owners at home. Occasionally, a cat is so severely affected that he/she may need to be hospitalized for a short time for supportive care. These cats should be kept in a quiet, safe area where they cannot fall or hurt themselves in any way. The owners will need to insure that their cat is eating and drinking well. Cats that have severe disorientation may need sedatives to calm their anxiety. Cats that are vomiting may need medication to reduce their vomiting and motion sickness.
The prognosis for rapid and complete recovery is excellent. These cats show marked improvement in their nystagmus within 72 hours, with progressive improvement in their gait and head tilt. The head tilt is the last clinical sign to resolve; a mild residual head tilt may remain. Cats usually return to normal within 2-3 weeks. Although this disease rarely recurs, a mild head tilt and difficulty walking may temporarily return when the cat is stressed.